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Q191. Steven is a senior security analyst for a state agency in Tulsa, Oklahoma. His agency is currently undergoing a mandated security audit by an outside consulting firm. The consulting firm is halfway through the audit and is preparing to perform the actual penetration testing against the agency’s network. The firm first sets up a sniffer on the agency’s wired network to capture a reasonable amount of traffic to analyze later. This takes approximately 2 hours to obtain 10 GB of data. The consulting firm then sets up a sniffer on the agency’s wireless network to capture the same amount of traffic. This capture only takes about 30 minutes to get 10 GB of data.
Why did capturing of traffic take much less time on the wireless network?
A. Because wireless access points act like hubs on a network
B. Because all traffic is clear text, even when encrypted
C. Because wireless traffic uses only UDP which is easier to sniff
D. Because wireless networks can’t enable encryption
Answer: A
Explanation: You can not have directed radio transfers over a WLAN. Every packet will be broadcasted as far as possible with no concerns about who might hear it.
Q192. You are scanning into the target network for the first time. You find very few conventional ports open. When you attempt to perform traditional service identification by connecting to the open ports, it yields either unreliable or no results. You are unsure of what protocols are being used. You need to discover as many different protocols as possible. Which kind of scan would you use to do this?
A. Nmap with the –sO (Raw IP packets) switch
B. Nessus scan with TCP based pings
C. Nmap scan with the –sP (Ping scan) switch
D. Netcat scan with the –u –e switches
Answer: A
Explanation: Running Nmap with the –sO switch will do a IP Protocol Scan. The IP protocol scan is a bit different than the other nmap scans. The IP protocol scan is searching for additional IP protocols in use by the remote station, such as ICMP, TCP, and UDP. If a router is scanned, additional IP protocols such as EGP or IGP may be identified.
Q193. Smurf is a simple attack based on IP spoofing and broadcasts. A single packet (such as an ICMP Echo Request) is sent as a directed broadcast to a subnet on the Internet. All the machines on that subnet respond to this broadcast. By spoofing the source IP Address of the packet, all the responses will get sent to the spoofed IP Address. Thus, a hacker can often flood a victim with hundreds of responses for every request the hacker sends out.
Who are the primary victims of these attacks on the Internet today?
A. IRC servers are the primary victim to smurf attacks
B. IDS devices are the primary victim to smurf attacks
C. Mail Servers are the primary victim to smurf attacks
D. SPAM filters are the primary victim to surf attacks
Answer: A
Explanation: IRC servers are the primary victim to smurf attacks. Script-kiddies run programs that scan the Internet looking for "amplifiers" (i.e. subnets that will respond). They compile lists of these amplifiers and exchange them with their friends. Thus, when a victim is flooded with responses, they will appear to come from all over the Internet. On IRCs, hackers will use bots (automated programs) that connect to IRC servers and collect IP addresses. The bots then send the forged packets to the amplifiers to inundate the victim.
Q194. Exhibit
(Note: the student is being tested on concepts learnt during passive OS fingerprinting, basic TCP/IP connection concepts and the ability to read packet signatures from a sniff dump.)
Snort has been used to capture packets on the network. On studying the packets, the penetration tester finds it to be abnormal. If you were the penetration tester, why would you find this abnormal?
What is odd about this attack? Choose the best answer.
A. This is not a spoofed packet as the IP stack has increasing numbers for the three flags.
B. This is back orifice activity as the scan comes form port 31337.
C. The attacker wants to avoid creating a sub-carries connection that is not normally valid.
D. These packets were crafted by a tool, they were not created by a standard IP stack.
Answer: B
Explanation: Port 31337 is normally used by Back Orifice. Note that 31337 is hackers spelling of ‘elite’, meaning ‘elite hackers’.
Q195. Neil notices that a single address is generating traffic from its port 500 to port 500 of several other machines on the network. This scan is eating up most of the network bandwidth and Neil is concerned. As a security professional, what would you infer from this scan?
A. It is a network fault and the originating machine is in a network loop
B. It is a worm that is malfunctioning or hardcoded to scan on port 500
C. The attacker is trying to detect machines on the network which have SSL enabled
D. The attacker is trying to determine the type of VPN implementation and checking for IPSec
Answer: D
Explanation: Port 500 is used by IKE (Internet Key Exchange). This is typically used for IPSEC-based VPN software, such as Freeswan, PGPnet, and various vendors of in-a-box VPN solutions such as Cisco. IKE is used to set up the session keys. The actual session is usually sent with ESP (Encapsulated Security Payload) packets, IP protocol 50 (but some in-a-box VPN's such as Cisco are capable of negotiating to send the encrypted tunnel over a UDP channel, which is useful for use across firewalls that block IP protocols other than TCP or UDP).
Up to the minute ec0-350 test:
Q196. Bob has been hired to perform a penetration test on ABC.com. He begins by looking at IP address ranges owned by the company and details of domain name registration. He then goes to News Groups and financial web sites to see if they are leaking any sensitive information of have any technical details online.
Within the context of penetration testing methodology, what phase is Bob involved with?
A. Passive information gathering
B. Active information gathering
C. Attack phase
D. Vulnerability Mapping
Answer: A
Explanation: He is gathering information and as long as he doesn’t make contact with any of the targets systems he is considered gathering this information in a passive mode.
Q197. Jess the hacker runs L0phtCrack’s built-in sniffer utility which grabs SMB password hashes and stores them for offline cracking. Once cracked, these passwords can provide easy access to whatever network resources the user account has access to.
But Jess is not picking up hashed from the network.
Why?
A. The network protocol is configured to use SMB Signing.
B. The physical network wire is on fibre optic cable.
C. The network protocol is configured to use IPSEC.
D. L0phtCrack SMB filtering only works through Switches and not Hubs.
Answer: A
Explanation: To protect against SMB session hijacking, NT supports a cryptographic integrity mechanism, SMB Signing, to prevent active network taps from interjecting themselves into an already established session.
Q198. ou are footprinting the www.xsecurity.com domain using the Google Search Engine. You would like to determine what sites link to www.xsecurity .com at the first level of revelance.
Which of the following operator in Google search will you use to achieve this?
A. Link: www.xsecurity.com
B. serch?l:www.xsecurity.com
C. level1.www.security.com
D. pagerank:www.xsecurity.com
Answer: A
Explanation: The query [link:] will list webpages that have links to the specified webpage. For instance, [link:www.google.com] will list webpages that have links pointing to the Google homepage. Note there can be no space between the "link:" and the web page url.
Topic 3, Scanning
35. Doug is conducting a port scan of a target network. He knows that his client target network has a web server and that there is a mail server also which is up and running. Doug has been sweeping the network but has not been able to elicit any response from the remote target. Which of the following could be the most likely cause behind this lack of response? Select 4.
A. UDP is filtered by a gateway
B. The packet TTL value is too low and cannot reach the target
C. The host might be down
D. The destination network might be down
E. The TCP windows size does not match
F. ICMP is filtered by a gateway
Answer: ABCF
Explanation: If the destination host or the destination network is down there is no way to get an answer and if TTL (Time To Live) is set too low the UDP packets will “die” before reaching the host because of too many hops between the scanning computer and the target. The TCP receive window size is the amount of received data (in bytes) that can be buffered during a connection. The sending host can send only that amount of data before it must wait for an acknowledgment and window update from the receiving host and ICMP is mainly used for echo requests and not in port scans.
Q199. John is using a special tool on his Linux platform that has a signature database and is therefore able to detect hundred of vulnerabilities in UNIX, Windows, and commonly-used web CGI scripts. Additionally, the database detects DDoS zombies and Trojans. What would be the name of this multifunctional tool?
A. nmap
B. hping
C. nessus
D. make
Answer: C
Explanation: Nessus is the world's most popular vulnerability scanner, estimated to be used by over 75,000 organizations world-wide. Nmap is mostly used for scanning, not for detecting vulnerabilities. Hping is a free packet generator and analyzer for the TCP/IP protocol and make is used to automatically build large applications on the *nix plattform.
Q200. What are the differences between SSL and S-HTTP?
A. SSL operates at the network layer and S-HTTP operates at the application layer
B. SSL operates at the application layer and S-HTTP operates at the network layer
C. SSL operates at the transport layer and S-HTTP operates at the application layer
D. SSL operates at the application layer and S-HTTP operates at the transport layer
Answer: C
Explanation: The main difference between the protocols is the layer at which they operate. SSL operates at the transport layer and mimics the "socket library," while S-HTTP operates at the application layer. Encryption of the transport layer allows SSL to be application-independent, while S-HTTP is limited to the specific software implementing it. The protocols adopt different philosophies towards encryption as well, with SSL encrypting the entire communications channel and S-HTTP encrypting each message independently.